重點摘要
- 高血壓是全球疾病與死亡的主要危險因子,但多數患者的血壓仍未獲得適當控制。
- 免疫細胞會釋放發炎物質、產生活性氧,造成血管與腎臟受損,使血壓升高。
- 以免疫為目標的降血壓治療仍在研究階段;目前仍以規律用藥與生活型態調整為主。
本文目錄
高血壓是全球疾病與死亡的主要危險因子。即使有現行的降血壓治療,多數高血壓患者的血壓仍未能獲得適當控制。我們顯然需要更深入了解高血壓的病理生理,才能發展新的治療方式。
Hypertension is a leading risk factor for morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite current anti-hypertensive therapies, most individuals with hypertension fail to achieve adequate blood pressure control. There is clearly a need to further understand the pathophysiology of hypertension so as to develop novel therapeutic approaches.
為了發展新的治療方式,研究人員正在探索免疫系統與發炎對高血壓的影響。近期研究提出,可以透過標靶治療,或把既有的免疫調節藥物用在新用途,來針對免疫系統進行治療。
To develop novel therapeutic approaches, researchers are exploring the immune system and inflammation's influence on hypertension. Recent research suggests targeting the immune system through targeted therapies or repurposing immunomodulatory agents.
免疫細胞如何影響血壓
許多人體研究顯示,先天與後天免疫細胞都參與了高血壓的形成。
Many human studies have shown that both innate and adaptive immune cells play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension.
先天免疫細胞會釋放發炎細胞激素、產生活性氧,並呈現新抗原,進而造成血管損傷、腎臟損傷、發炎與血壓升高。
The release of inflammatory cytokines, production of reactive oxygen species, and neoantigen presentation by innate immune cells results in vascular damage, renal injury, inflammation and elevated blood pressure.
在高血壓中,後天免疫細胞會轉向促發炎的角色,細胞毒性與發炎細胞激素的產生增加,使血管功能與腎臟排鈉功能受損。這會改變腎臟鈉離子轉運蛋白的表現,並造成血管內皮變化,以及心臟、腎臟與血管周圍的纖維化。
Adaptive immune cells shift towards pro-inflammatory roles in hypertension, resulting in enhanced cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokine production that leads to impaired vascular and renal natriuretic function. This leads to changes of renal sodium transporter expression and vascular endothelial as well as cardiac, renal, and perivascular fibrosis.
減少免疫細胞,可以改善血管內皮功能、降低血管張力與氧化壓力,並保護腎臟,避免間質浸潤、鈉滯留與腎損傷。此外,去除微膠細胞或中樞神經系統的血管周圍巨噬細胞,可以減少腎素-血管張力素系統(RAS)引起的發炎,並防止交感神經活化與高血壓。
Reduction of immune cells enhances endothelial function, reduces vascular tone, lowers oxidative stress and protects against renal interstitial infiltrates, salt retention, and kidney injury. In addition, the ablation of microglia or central nervous system perivascular macrophages reduces RAS-induced inflammation and prevents sympathetic nervous system activation and hypertension.
編者註
上面這段多來自動物實驗與基礎研究,目前還沒有以「調節免疫細胞」為主的降血壓治療用於臨床。高血壓仍需依醫師處方規律服藥,並搭配減鹽、運動、體重控制與良好睡眠。
結論
因此,了解免疫細胞的功能,以及它們和調控血壓的組織之間的交互作用,可能是未來新型降血壓治療的方向。
Therefore, understanding immune cell functioning and their interactions with tissues that regulate hypertensive responses may be the future of novel antihypertensive therapies.
參考文獻References
- Leibowitz, A., Schiffrin, E.L. Immune Mechanisms in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 13, 465–472 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-011-0224-9
- Trott, D. W., & Harrison, D. G. (2014). The immune system in hypertension. AJP Advances in Physiology Education, 38(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00063.2013
- Drummond, G.R., Vinh, A., Guzik, T.J. et al. Immune mechanisms of hypertension. Nat Rev Immunol 19, 517–532 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-019-0160-5
- Schiffrin, E. L. (2012). The immune system: role in hypertension. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 29(5), 543–548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2012.06.009
- Mikolajczyk, T.P., Guzik, T.J. Adaptive Immunity in Hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep 21, 68 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11906-019-0971-6
什麼情況該就醫?
- 居家血壓多次量測都高於 130/80 mmHg
- 已經服藥,血壓仍然控制不好
- 頭痛、頭暈、胸悶或視力模糊
- 想了解睡眠、壓力與自律神經對血壓的影響
本文為衛教資訊,不能取代醫師診斷與治療。若有身體不適,請尋求醫療專業協助。各項檢測與治療需經醫師評估,效果因人而異。
英文原文由本院國際健康諮詢顧問 Menaf 撰寫(Menaf 未具中華民國醫師證書,不在台灣執行診斷與治療);中文由日安健康編譯,「編者註」為日安健康補充的說明與台灣相關建議。
