維生素 D 與第二型糖尿病：補充有助於血糖控制與降低發炎嗎？

糖尿病是造成疾病、早逝，以及腎衰竭、截肢等嚴重後果的主要原因之一。第二型糖尿病占所有糖尿病九成以上，對醫療體系造成沉重負擔。

Diabetes is among the major causes of morbidity, premature death, and severe outcomes like kidney failure and amputation, among others. Type 2 DM accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases, mounting a significant burden on healthcare systems.

研究顯示，補充維生素 D 可以降低糖化血色素（HbA1c）、改善空腹血糖，並在血糖異常的人身上預防血糖上升與胰島素阻抗。

Studies have shown that vitamin D supplementation can reduce HbA1c levels, improve fasting blood glucose levels, and prevent glucose elevations and insulin resistance in individuals with impaired glucose levels.

維生素 D 對不同族群（例如年長者、兒童與成人）有不同的影響。例如有研究發現，在糖尿病前期的年長者中，補充維生素 D 顯著降低了糖化血色素與空腹血糖。

Vitamin D has specific effects on different populations, such as older adults, children, and adults. For instance, a study found that vitamin D supplementation significantly reduced HbA1c and fasting glucose levels in older individuals with prediabetes.

研究人員發現，維生素 D 補充量每增加一些，發生胰島素阻抗的機率就跟著下降。研究人員認為，這可能代表維生素 D3 是預防胰島素阻抗的保護因子，因為它有助於降低發炎，而發炎會提高胰島素阻抗的風險。

Researchers found that the chance of developing insulin resistance went down with each additional amount of vitamin D supplement taken. Researchers say this might indicate that vitamin D3 is a protective factor in the occurrence of insulin resistance because it helps lower inflammation, and inflammation raises your risk for insulin resistance.

只有少數食物含有維生素 D，例如強化牛奶與穀片、蛋黃，以及鮭魚、鯖魚、沙丁魚等脂肪豐富的魚類。維生素 D 被稱為「陽光維生素」，因為我們主要是透過日曬取得。

Vitamin D is found in just a few foods such as fortified milk and cereals, egg yolks and fatty fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines. It’s called the “sunshine” vitamin because we mainly get it from sunlight.

不過，有些族群需要從飲食攝取更多維生素 D，例如年長者、膚色較深的人、日曬較少的人（因為居住地區、生活型態或文化因素）、肥胖者，以及患有特定疾病的人。

However, there are certain groups of people who need more dietary vitamin D than others, such as older people, those with darker skin, those with limited sun exposure (due to location, lifestyle, or cultural reasons), individuals with obesity, and those with certain medical conditions.